Application of rock
Due to the high stability and strength against various factors, rocks are extensively used in building construction. Nowadays, because of the ease of rocks extraction operation, there use is expanding and are used in various places of buildings. Building rocks have applications as follows:
Building floor, stairs and parking
Rock which is used for stair and floor will be exposed to abrasion and impact, therefore they should be very rigid and have high abrasive and impact strength. Rock which is used for this part of building should be cuttable in one direction such as metamorphic and sedimentary rocks which have this advantage. In addition, stair and floor rock because exposed to contamination they should have little porosity, so that in a time washing them with detergent and pouring acidic or basic materials on them, they being impermeable and do not damaged. Quartzite and gneissic rocks are those rocks which are suitable for floor and stair.
The rock which is used for floor of stair, parking and staircase because they exposed to traffic and pressure, despite of being suitable for stairs and walls, they should have high strength and low water absorption, therefore granite and bone marble rocks as well as crystal stones are good choices for floor of stair, parking and staircase. The proper width for the stair rock is between 30mm to 40mm and the proper width for wall stone of parking and staircase is between 14mm to 18mm.
Paving of commercial, administrative and educational complexes should have high abrasive strength and low water absorption due the high traffic and the possibility of damage caused by moving equipment. Granite rocks and crystal stone are good choices for commercial, administrative and educational complexes.

o

Building’s interior wall covering
Stone is the best and the most resistant pavement in the world and so far, no material has been recognized and made to be more durable and more beautiful than natural stone. Stones because of high strength against impact, fire, chemical materials, proper polishing capability, natural and beautiful color and design provide a pleasant and beautiful atmosphere for building.
Using rock for interior wall of building gave a very cool and glamorous appearance to it. Basically, rock is used for covering the walls of WC and bathroom, office buildings, shops, restaurant and so on. The rock which is used for wall should has beautiful appearance and polished surface and it should have little porosity so that when washing with detergents it does not damaged and its strength is not decreased too.
Rock is appropriate for spaces where have high humidity such as stone toilets which have low water absorption and are resistant against detergents. Among the available stones, granite and crystal stones are more suitable. The best and most suitable stone for pavement of interior and residential spaces are those stones which have low water absorption capability and have high abrasive strength, low porosity and high strength.
Marble and crystal stones are suitable for pavement of interior spaces compare with other stones, but in commercial and office spaces where the traffic is higher a stone should be used which has high strength such as granite stone or high-quality Marble stone.
The stone of living room and reception room floors, because does not exposed to sunlight, impact, cooling and heating, therefore crystal stones can be used. In pavement of the floor of living room and reception room, according to area the crystal, bright and cream bone Marble stones or stones with dimensions of 80*80 and 60*60 are used. The proper stone width for the floor of living room and reception room is 14 to 20mm.
Stones are naturally cold and at arid and warm regions using stone in floor can caused cooling the warm condition of our house and walking on a cooled in warm season stone gives a good feeling.
Also, stones are very suitable for transferring heat to environment and in clod season can warm the stone floor using floor heating and make the home and work place pleasant because stone transform the heat very well and as a result the heat does not damage the floor stone.
Stones are not allergic which makes them as a best choice for people which suffering from allergies to use them as their house pavement. Stones are resistive against dust and their surface can be easily washed and cleaned. Unlike other materials such as wood and parquet which used as pavement, stones are not allergic.

O

Building exterior wall covering
Another usage of stone, is for building façade. Durable and resistant stones are used for building façade so that they do not damaged by various environmental factors. Variable atmospheric conditions, glacial, sunlight shining, dust, acidic rains, air pollutant and etc. are the factors which affected the stone strength. Therefore, before using stone in building façade and buying stones, their minerals should be investigated. Stones which have iron mineral have not high strength against burnout and will be oxidized against water and air. In addition, if some impurities have been seen in a part of stone, it can lead to its destruction. Façade stone is selected based on the area and weather conditions where the building constructed. For example, stone with low porosity are suitable for cold regions because wind or frost will not lead to their destruction. Before performing building façade, the useful life of building should be estimated, and then according to that the façade stone be selected. In general, façade stone due to exposing to free air and variable climate conditions, should have necessary stability.

O

O

O

O

O

Decorate the building
Stones which have suitable color and appearance, in addition to have high tensile and bending strength also can be used for interior decorations. These stones can be used for decorating fireplace wall, columns, window and door frame and so on. For this purpose, stones are used than can work on them.
Overall specifications of selecting suitable building stone
Stones used in buildings work must have the following specifications:
• Stone fiber should have healthy structure, i.e. without crack, grooves and loos streaks
• Without any pores
• Have no rottenness
• Be homogenous and uniform
• Building stones should not absorb much water
• They should not be contaminated with natural and synthetic materials
• Should tolerate the chemical and physical conditions of environment
• Compressive strength for bearing components should not be less than 150kg/cm2.
• Be abrasive resistance.

o

o

.

.

Technical specifications

Knowing the technical specifications of stone and also the minerals available within then is of great importance, because available minerals in stones show reaction in special climate such as extreme cold, heat, humidity, etc. which will lead to reduction of stone life.
In this text, we presented simple notes on selecting the building façade, but selecting suitable stone according to its application and using condition is not easy task and it needs more comprehensive information, and for more information you can contact our specialists team.

=

What are the most important factors in selecting building stones?
To answer this question that “what kind of stone is suitable for building façade?” it is necessary to recognize the important factors in stone selection, where for selecting a suitable stone, it application should be first determined so that given the application and considering the location and condition of stone usage, the select the best stone. But, some factors such as durability color and technical specifications differentiated stones from each other, which should be considered in selecting stones.
Stone durability
The means of stone durability is the strength of stone against various physical and chemical factors. Generally, effective factors on the stone durability include constituent structure, texture of the stone and their constituents.
For example, stones which have low durability usually have constituents including loose minerals, porous textures and damaged and cracked construction.
Color
Considering color in stone selection is of great importance for designers and engineers, because in addition to the effect which has on the building façade, it indicates its constituents and also the color of stone has effect on the price of stone.
For example, in Lime stones usually bright color is used because dark Lime stones has low durability in the building façade.

o

Granite stone
Granite stone is of igneous rocks type and is composed of Quartz, Hornblende, Feldspar and Mica. Granite is naturally available in white, pink or gray. Its color variates based on the available minerals. Granite stone is used in building façade specially in industrial environments, flooring, pavement, road construction and so on.
Granite stone specifications
• Granites are usually very hard and tough and have high density and are impact resistive.
• Granite stones have high polishing capability and they can be polished until be mirror.
• Most of Granites such as Travertine stone have good strength against cold, heat, UV radiation and air humidity; nut in some cases there is possibility that the iron minerals within them oxidized and experienced appearance changes due to air humidity.
• Some kind of dark Granites may change their color when they exposed to sunlight.
• Granite stones which are used as building façade are usually polished.
• Given the high density of Granite stones, the pores inside it are so few and as a result have not good adhesion and in order to use them in building façade some special arrangements should be considered.
• Granite stone has higher price than other stones, because the costs of extraction operations, cutting and polishing are high.
• Has low water absorption which is less than 1% which is due to its very low porosity and compactness.
• Its compressive strength is 100-150 MPa.
• Mean weight of Granite stone is 6.2 tone/m3.
Advantages of Granite stone
Granite stone are the symbols of strength and stiffness and are harder and more uniform than Lime stones. Granite stones are not easily scratched and have high strength against heat. Granite stone are one of the best choices for pavement of high traffic streets. Also, according to their unique beautifulness they can be used for building façade, interior pavement and stairs. Another advantage of granite stone is its strength against water penetration and impact resistance, which these advantages makes them a good choice for use in industrials environments and making sure that they are not scratched and get dirty.

Where can Granite stones be used?
• In interior walls of buildings (interior façade)
• Pavement of office and commercial units
• Toilets
• Decorative
• Pavement of residential units
• Exterior façade of building
• Table and cabinet of kitchen
• Pavement of yard and sidewalk
• Pavement of sidewalk
• Pavement of religious places
• Table and lid

Marble stone
Marble stone can give a fresh spirit to modern and stylish spaces. Stairs and flooring of luxurious halls are other applications of cream and black Dehbid Marble stones. Cream Marble stones can provide more light and brightness for environment and black Marble stone is suitable for dark tastes. Buying Dehbid Marble stones usually is done for high price and luxury buildings, because using these types of stone in low price projects is not cost effective.
The advantages of Marble stone include high strength against heat and high stiffness, which have led the ancient Iranian and Greece used these stones in monuments and statues construction
Marble stone has higher durability in covered places than open places.
High-grade Marble detection method:
In the case of high density, the Marable stone it would have higher durability, therefore for detecting solid stone first we must hit an unpolished part of the back of the stone by an iron object and the lower the noise is, it shows the more density of it and this stone has higher quality.

Where Marble stone can be used?
• In interior walls of buildings (interior façade)
• Pavement of office and commercial units
• Toilets
• Decorative
• Pavement of residential units
• Exterior façade of building
• Table and cabinet of kitchen
• Pavement of yard and sidewalk
• Pavement of sidewalk
• Pavement of religious places
• Table and lid

o

ONYX
Onxy stone is one of the most beautiful natural stones which has many fans around the world. Onxy stone is of the luxury stones in the world. Onxy stones are very resistance against cold and frost and UV radiation and has low water absorption. Onxy stones are vulnerable against scratching and need specific maintenance. Onxy stones has the capability of light passage and this property attracted the architects and engineers to use these types of stones in their designs. Onxy stones due to their high price are used in luxury and expensive buildings: Onxy stone is suitable for floors of the lounges, the lobby stone floor, the floors of the halls and hotels and the religious buildings. The words Marble means brightness and the commercial name of Marble stone is “Onyx”. The root of this word is back to Greece work “marmoros” which means brightness. The best Onxy stone mines are located at Iran and Italy, which among them Iran is the prominent in terms of diversity of Onxy stone.Every type of crystalline stone which are composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine and have the finishing capability are considered Onyx.

How Marble stone produced?
Lime stone materials under the effect of high heat recrystallized and the Marble stone crystals are created and, in the nature, can be found as layered rocks. Now, if a part of these minerals is not exposed under enough pressure and temperature, they became as travertine stone and in a case of no separation between Marble and travertine, the created stone is Tra-onyx stone, which has not any of the physical and appearance properties of Marble and travertine stones. The main component of Marble stone is calcium carbonate which is in white and the impurities of aluminum and magnesium cause the variety of color and design in them.
The history of Onyx Marble stone
From the ancient, Marble stone has been considered as an element having energy among the various civilizations which was used for curing kidney and liver diseases and stress relief and even in some cases it was used for treatment of neurological and mental illnesses. Direct light radiation causes the Marble stone to be oppressed and color changed, and for this reason they are used in closed environments. Marble stones due to their unique beauty have been the first choice in sculpture industry and they have been widely used in sculpture industry or construction of religious monuments include Taj Mahal building where the beautiful manifestations of the art of architecture with Marble stones. The remains from ancient Greece and Egyptian temples which was made from Marble stones shows the history of using this stone in building construction and also famous artists include Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used the Marble stones in many of their sculpture works.

Application of Marble

• In interior walls of buildings (interior façade)
• Toilets
• Decorative
• Pavement of residential units
• Table and cabinet of kitchen
• Pavement of religious places

Crystal stone
Crystal stone is indeed a kind of fine-grain Marble stones which is composed of gray and white crystals. The crystals of this kind of stone can be seen by eye. Crystal stone is usually composed of calcite and a small amount of wollastonite. In some types of these stones there is also quartz. The more the amount of quartz is, the stiffness of the crystal stone increased. If this stone is hit, it will emit a sound like hitting a porcelain. The color range of this type of stone limited and they are usually available in white.
Crystal stone is produced as a result of recrystallization of lime stones with dolomite and under the effect of internal factors such as pressure and temperature. Crystal stone has very high stiffness and in scientific perspective is a lime stone which has been recrystallized under the effect of pressure and heat due to injection of hot temperature. Crystal stone are those Marble stone which composed of white and gray crystals.

o

O

oCrystal stone properties
• Crystal stone has good adhesion but is less than travertine, but has more adhesion than Granite stone.
• Crystal stone has good resistance against weathering
• Has low moisture absorption
• The crystal stone is relatively inexpensive but due to lack of good color range its usage has decreased.
Crystal stone application

•In interior walls of buildings (interior façade)
• Pavement of office and commercial units
• Toilets
• Decorative
• Pavement of residential units
• Exterior façade of building
• Table and cabinet of kitchen
• Pavement of yard and sidewalk
• Pavement of sidewalk
• Pavement of religious places
• Table and lid

o

Limestone
Limestone rock is a type of sedimentation stones which due to having high lime within themselves have high capability of water absorption. This type of stone has low durability against erosion, therefore limestone are suitable for places far from moisture and erosion.
Application of Limestone
• In interior walls of buildings (interior façade)
• Exterior façade of building
• Toilets

0

o

o

o

o

Travertine Stone

Travertine stone is lower than other stones and is a good option for building façade. Travertine is a lime stone which is composed as a result of activity of warm water springs and rapid cooling of water. Travertine stone by having wide range of colors and various designs has advantages including being layered, constant color and transparency.
If this stone has been cut parallel to its layers and the images of these layers can be seen as of cloud waves on the stone, it is called rippled.
Porous surface and lime material are the properties of Travertine stone which can easily be installed by cement and it caused the strength of façade to increased. This stone according to high variety in design and color has lower price than Granite stone and also has higher strength than Sandstone, which can obtain a special place compare with other façade stones.
Properties of travertine stone
• Travertine stone has natural pores on its surface which make it more beautiful.
• Given the natural pore of travertine stone. They have good adhesion to mortar and wall, which make them suitable for building façade.
• Travertine stone has good strength against cold, heath, UV radiation and air moisture.
• Travertine stone has variety of colors and designs and covers many styles.

o

O

OApplication of Travertine stones

In interior walls of buildings (interior façade)
• Decorative
• Exterior façade of building
• Pavement of yard and sidewalk
• Table and lid

Traonyx Stone
In the building construction and in stone market, stones are classified in to 5 main classes include: Granite, Marble, Marmolux, crystal and Travertine. These 5 stone classes have some common properties as well as have some different properties which changes their application, but there is some stones in nature which are made by combining two or more stone types and are not included in non of these five classes. One of these types of stones is Traonyx stone where has no similar physical and chemical properties with five classes and as it can be seen from the name of Traonyx stone, it is composed of two work of travertine and Onyx, which is composed of these two types of stones.
How Traonyx stone forms
Sedimentation stones find suitable conditions to be converted under the effect of surface and underground pressures and near the hot water springs and if they have conversion property, they converted to Marble crystals. But, the conversion process of travertine stone to Marble despite of need high pressure and temperature conditions it also need long time to be passed. After the reaction and creation of Marble crystals, however the chemical mixture does not change but there are many changes in mechanical properties and its appearance, so that there is possibility to light passing from Marble crystals. Generally, it can be said that due to the conversion of travertine stone, the Marble stone crystals are produced and the Marble stone is the same cured travertine. Now, if the environment conditions are not enough perform the reaction or before and after the completion of converting travertine to Marble crystals from mine, the extraction performed, the extracted product is travertine stone which a part of it is converted to Marble crystals and has different physical and appearance properties compare with travertine and Marble stone and they created a new classification which is called Traonyx stone.
Application and how the Traonyx stone are used
One of the best applications of Traonyx stone is the slab cutting of this stone which can placed along side each other by matchbook method and by lightening behind it attractive and fascinating scenes are created.
As can be seen in new styles in decoration design, designers want to use theme and patterns inspired by nature in their projects in which irregular motifs and contrasting patterns and colors come together in order to reduces the life from modern uniformity and repetitiveness, where Traonyx stones are one of the best materials to achieve this target. This stone with its irregular motifs and opposite colors give natural sense to artificial town houses, and if being used by used by designers, it will create a desirable result.

Application of Traonyx stones
• Decorative
• Toilets
• Pavement of residential units
• Table and cabinet of kitchen
• Pavement of religious places

o

Sandstone
Sandstone façade
Sandstone is a typr of lime sedimentation stones which is composed of very small mineral ( about 0.0625 to 2mm). most of sandstones are made from quartz and feldspar and were made during the time due to the sedimentation of mineral materials in rivers and sea and under the pressure. Sandstones given their impurities in minerals have various colors, but generally are in gray, red, silver, brown, pink, white and black.
Sandstone specifications
• Sandstones given their raw materials, have soft or rough texture.
• Sandstones are resistive against freezing and weathering
• Given the high porosity of sandstone, its water absorption is relatively high.
• Silica sandstone has good resistance in acidic environment. But the lime type has low resistance against acid.
• Sandstone has high bending strength which make it possible to use them with lowe width. Therefore, the structure will be more lightweight.

:

OSandstone application
• In interior walls of buildings (interior façade)
• Pavement of residential units
• Exterior façade of building
• Table and lid
• Decorative
• Toilets

O

MOSAIC TILES
MOSAIC TILES advantages
Advantages of antique stones are as follows
• High durability
• Easy coordination with various designs and decorations.
• Variety in design and color
• Environment friendly
Durability
MOSAIC TILES is well adapted in various weather conditions and keeps its properties and beauty and is among the durable stones which has long life. These advantages have caused that many architects want to use antique stone in decorating their houses. With such decorations the price of buildings is increased.

Easy coordination with various designs and decorations
Today, people and customers have become more aware and if have not enough information, before selecting any product, increase their knowledge with help pf internet. They are very sensitive about interior design of their dream home and by investigating the various design patterns on websites and various journals selected their decoration and designation. In modern, classic and even traditional modes there are various designation which used antique stones. Therefore, they have high desire to use antique stone in designing of their building’s decoration. Variety of color, design and arrangement pattern of antique stone have made it possible for buyers to be able to select antique stone in accordance with their decoration.
Variety
Today antique stones have various interior and exterior application in any buildings. These stones add aesthetic to the space used by their variety.

o

o

:

Principles of the water jet

Design and production of stone mosaics, ceramics in medallions (circles and ellipses), frames, panels and composite forms for the lobby of luxury buildings, commercial buildings, halls and restaurants, elevator floors, staircases and column facades in beautiful design and various dimensions with waterjet cutting technology. The art of mixing metal and steel, bronze with stone and creating beautiful designs.
With the development of industry and technology, the demand for a variety of single-purpose devices and equipment is increasing day by day. In addition to this diversity, the different tastes of customers and the growing industry trend have meant that older manufacturing systems, such as conventional lathes, are no longer able to respond to the constant changes in market demand. As a result of increasing competition, manufacturers have begun to develop sophisticated manufacturing systems in recent years that can both meet customer needs and ensure their survival on the market.

O

o

o

o

o

oo

Decoration
Natural stone has been around as an interior decoration option for long as humans had it at their disposal to retrofit and decorate their living spaces with way to go!
Further, thanks to its mental and physical therapeutic potentials, the material is also effective in relieving work stress by creating a calming environment in the household and workspace.
Natural stone can be incorporated into interior design in many ways, including but not limited to wall decoration. By exploiting the inherent tones and textures of natural stones and your own creativity and imagination, you can create a wealth of unique wall designs that will become the heart of your house or office.
Some of the advantages of incorporating natural stones in walls in living or workspace include their strong, elegant, and unique textures, natural vibe, excellent noise reduction, diversity in tone, texture, and price, maintenance facility, and durability.

o

o

NATURAL STONEWORKS
Cut from the depths of mountains, the stones are dispatched to production plants where they are processed.
Slabs of rock are first cut into 1–2 cm thick pieces by a cutter.
Then, the rocks are polished by a grinder to create smooth surfaces.
In the end, the rocks are cut into different sizes and shipped to customers.

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

Oo

o

o

o

o

o

QUARRIES
Extracting Construction Stones
Thanks to the progress in the mining sector and its significance as regards the national economy, the industry has received particular attention.
Several methods exist for mining stones, including water jet and laser cutting or using torches and explosives, as well as cutting machines.
The best and most common method employed in most construction stone mines is using the diamond wire saw.
Extraction by Diamond Wire Cutters
The diamond wire cutter comprises a 25–45 m diamond wire (models with up to 150 m wires also exist), a winch, and an idler pulley.
The stone is cut in a specific direction continuously. For this purpose, first, two perpendicular holes are drilled into the rock, outlining the block. The diamond wires are then driven into and out of the holes.
During operation, the cutter is mounted on a rail on which it moves around automatically driven by its electronic and hydraulic devices and pulls away as cutting progresses.
In the meantime, a constant 100–150 kg wire tension is maintained.
The winch is often placed within a 5–8 m distance of the rock face. As a result, nearly 15 m of the diamond wire runs through open air.
The working mechanism of the machine allows it to be moved and reoriented from horizontal to vertical for cutting in either direction. Horizontal cuts must be made before vertical. Otherwise, the block may separate from the mountain in the end, crushing the wire.
After cutting, the slab is separated from the rock face using hydraulic jacks and cushions.